Unreasonable expectations, educational values and failed career aspirations are driving some immigrant parents to influence their children’s subject choices, leading these students to choose beyond their academic capabilities, according to new research by Monash University.
While students regard teachers as supportive and inspirational in scholastic decisions, educational leaders also highlight concerns about some parents forcing their children to choose particular subjects, such as high-level Mathematics and Science, even when they may not be able to cope with the depth of content in these upper-level programs.
Lead researcher Dr Sarika Kewalramani, from Monash University’s Faculty of Education, found that a combination of unreasonable family expectations and language barriers between parents and educational leaders disadvantaged students in their final years of secondary school.
The study, supported by Professor Sivanes Phillipson from Swinburne University and Dr Nish Belford from Monash University, was published in Springer Nature’s International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance.
“This study argues that students’ subject choice is a complex interplay of parents’ beliefs and expectations that can stem from their past educational memories and frustrated career ambitions,” Dr Kewalramani said.
Twelve parents and their children, who were in years 10 to 12 at the time of the study, from three low-socio economic-status public schools in Melbourne were interviewed as part of this research. The parent-child participants were predominately immigrants of Asian and European origin.
Five of the parents in the study had career aspirations they weren’t able to achieve and, in line with their cultural beliefs, indicated the importance of their children studying top subjects at school, such as Science and Mathematics, that would lead to a lucrative career.
Nearly two-thirds of parents mentioned barriers and challenges that hindered their capacity to provide quality guidance on their children’s subject choices.
“It was evident from parents that they had to compromise significantly to provide guidance to their children due to barriers, such as not knowing the host country’s language, and having a limited understanding of a new educational system,” Dr Kewalramani said.
“There was a reliance on teachers’ recommendations and, in some cases, seeking information from the school’s career counsellor for subject selection.”
The educational experiences of mother Raj were quite challenging in India, and her lack of clear guidance deprived her of a successful career.
Moving from India to Australia in 2007, Raj lives her unfulfilled ambitions of becoming a doctor vicariously through her daughter, Planquin. Family influence resulted in Planquin choosing subjects such as Forensic Science and Psychology that aligned with the career path her mother hoped to pursue.
Despite living in Australia for the past 12 years, Raj compared the Australian education system to her experience in India, especially in the varying levels of homework given, and the rigour of academic pressure in Indian schools.
Raj was determined to have her daughter study top-level Mathematics. However, Planquin felt it was futile having conversations with her parents about subject choices, because they were unaware of available career pathway opportunities in Australia.
“Because the system’s really different here, there’s no point discussing it with them. I ended up choosing sports subjects too, other than Maths A … I was good at both, so the teacher recommended me,” Planquin said during the study phase.
For Beth, who had moved to Australia from Spain more than 30 years ago, the biggest challenge was not knowing the language. Because her schooling was different to the Australian education system, she felt less informed about the education of her son Lee.
Due to periods of cultural stress experienced by his parents, Lee’s subject choice process was independent of family direction. But Beth didn’t believe in pushing her son to choose particular subjects. Lee valued this approach, and it made him more willing to try hard to succeed.
“I could only guide him towards certain subjects by saying things like, ‘You’re really good at Maths, why don’t you think of doing that?’ But there will never be, ‘I’m really good at Maths, but I want to sit at home playing video games’. That behaviour is not on,” Beth said during the study phase.
The study also found that unreasonable parental expectations were viewed as stressors on children. Educational leaders, including school career counsellors, said there was a massive divide between parental expectations and their child’s abilities that jeopardised their child’s welfare.
“Educational leaders highlighted concerns about situations when parents forced children to choose a particular subject, especially Mathematics, which had implications for placing students at risk of not meeting entry scores required for their chosen university pathway,” Dr Kewalramani said.
“Our findings reinforced the significant value of acculturation that required parents to adapt to the needs of their children and let go of the past educational experiences and cultural beliefs they had in their countries prior to migration.
“Parents either compromise and allow for an autonomous subject choice process, or continue to advocate high expectations around their children’s career success. Consequently, the quality of educational experiences and opportunities provided to immigrant students becomes limited.
“Parents should learn how to buffer the stress that children face during the final years of schooling while deciding their career options.
“But we also need to make sure that Australian schools are well-equipped to counsel immigrant parents and their children early on to ensure their academic expectations are managed and that supportive learning environments are cultivated across the country.”
